Bahaya-nya biohazard bagi lingkungan kita. (the biohazard is very dangerous for our live)

SENJATA BIOLOGI

 
Senjata biologi (bahasa Inggris: biological weapon) adalah senjata yang menggunakan patogen (bakteri, virus, atau organisme penghasil penyakit lainnya) sebagai alat untuk membunuh, melukai, atau melumpuhkan musuh. Senjata ini berbeda dengan senjata kimia, yang menggunakan racun atau bahan kimia yang bukan merupakan organisme hidup.
Pembuatan dan penyimpanan senjata biologi dilarang oleh Konvensi Senjata Biologi 1972 yang ditandatangani oleh lebih dari 100 negara. Alasan pelarangan ini adalah untuk menghindari efek yang dihasilkan senjata biologi, yang dapat membunuh jutaan manusia, dan menghancurkan sektor ekonomi dan sosial. Namun, Konvensi Senjata Biologi hanya melarang pembuatan dan penyimpanan senjata biologi, tetapi tidak melarang pemakaiannya.
Karakteristik
Karakteristik ideal senjata biologi adalah harus sangat ampuh, mudah menyebar, tersedia vaksinnya, dan dapat disebarkan melalui udara. Agen biologi pada senjata biologi juga harus dapat diproduksi dengan cepat dan murah.
Penyakit yang pernah direncanakan untuk dijadikan senjata atau sudah pernah dijadikan senjata antara lain anthrax, ebola, virus Marburg, bubonic plague, kolera, tularemia, brucellosis, demam Q, machupo, Coccidioides mycosis, Glanders, Melioidosis, Shigella, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, tifus, Psittacosis, demam kuning, B encephalitis Jepang, demam Rift Valley, dan smallpox.[1]

BAHAYA HAYATI

Bahaya hayati dapat merujuk pada organisme maupun bahan-bahan yang berasal dari organisme yang dapat membahayakan (utamanya) kesehatan manusia. Ia dapat berupa limbah medisa ataupun sampel mikroorganisme, virus, dan racun (yang berasal dari sumber biologis) yang dapat mempengaruhi kesehatan manusia. Ia juga dapat meliputi bahan-bahan yang berbahaya terhadap hewan. Istilah bahaya hayati dan simbol bahaya hayati umumnya digunakan sebagai tanda peringatan.
Dalam unicode, tanda bahaya hayati adalah U+2623 (☣).

Bahan racun hayati dapat diklasifikasikan menurut nomor UN:
• UN 2814 (Bahan menular, berpengaruh terhadap manusia) 
• UN 2900 (Bahan menular, berpengaruh terhadap hewan) 
• UN 3373 (Spesimen diagnostik atau spesimen klinis atau bahan biologis, Kategori B) 
• UN 3291 (Limbah medis) 

A biological hazard or biohazard is an organism, or substance derived from an organism, that poses a threat to (primarily) human health. This can include medical waste or samples of a microorganism, virus or toxin (from a biological source) that can impact human health. It can also include substances harmful to animals. The term and its associated symbol is generally used as a warning, so that those potentially exposed to the substances will know to take precautions. There is also a biohazard HCS/Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS) logo which utilizes the same symbol.

In Unicode, the biohazard sign is U+2623 (☣).

Biohazardous agents are classified for transportation by UN number:
UN 2814 (Infectious Substance, Affecting Humans)
UN 2900 (Infectious Substance, Affecting Animals)
UN 3373 (Diagnostic Specimen or Clinical Specimen or Biological Substance, Category B)
UN 3291 (Medical Waste)Contents [hide]
1 Levels of biohazard




Levels of biohazard
Main article: Biosafety level

The United States' Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) categorizes various diseases in levels of biohazard, Level 1 being minimum risk and Level 4 being extreme risk.
Biohazard Level 1: Bacteria and viruses including Bacillus subtilis, canine hepatitis, Escherichia coli, varicella (chicken pox), as well as some cell cultures and non-infectious bacteria. At this level precautions against the biohazardous materials in question are minimal, most likely involving gloves and some sort of facial protection. Usually, contaminated materials are left in open (but separately indicated) trash receptacles. Decontamination procedures for this level are similar in most respects to modern precautions against everyday viruses (i.e.: washing one's hands with anti-bacterial soap, washing all exposed surfaces of the lab with disinfectants, etc). In a lab environment, all materials used for cell and/or bacteria cultures are decontaminated via autoclave.
Biohazard Level 2: Bacteria and viruses that cause only mild disease to humans, or are difficult to contract via aerosol in a lab setting, such as hepatitis A, B, and C, influenza A, Lyme disease, salmonella, mumps, measles, scrapie, and HIV. "Routine diagnostic work with clinical specimens can be done safely at Biosafety Level 2, using Biosafety Level 2 practices and procedures. Research work (including co-cultivation, virus replication studies, or manipulations involving concentrated virus) can be done in a BSL-2 facility, using BSL-3 practices and procedures. Virus production activities, including virus concentrations, require a BSL-3 facility and use of BSL-3 practices and procedures", see Recommended Biosafety Levels for Infectious Agents[1].
Biohazard Level 3: Bacteria and viruses that can cause severe to fatal disease in humans, but for which vaccines or other treatments exist, such as anthrax, West Nile virus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, SARS virus, variola virus (smallpox), tuberculosis, typhus, Rift Valley fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, yellow fever, and malaria. Among parasites Plasmodium falciparum, which causes Malaria, and Trypanosoma cruzi, which causes trypanosomiasis, also come under this level.
Biohazard Level 4: Exclusively viruses that cause severe to fatal disease in humans, and for which vaccines or other treatments are not available, such as Bolivian and Argentine hemorrhagic fevers, H5N1(bird flu), dengue fever, Marburg virus, Ebola virus, hantaviruses, Lassa fever, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Y. pestis, and other hemorrhagic diseases. When dealing with biological hazards at this level the use of a Hazmat suit and a self-contained oxygen supply is mandatory. The entrance and exit of a Level Four biolab will contain multiple showers, a vacuum room, an ultraviolet light room, and other safety precautions designed to destroy all traces of the biohazard. Multiple airlocks are employed and are electronically secured to prevent both doors opening at the same time. All air and water service going to and coming from a Biosafety Level 4 lab will undergo similar decontamination procedures to eliminate the possibility of an accidental release.